The key difference between video and film is that videotape is magnetically coated and contains codes that trigger electronic signals to the projection apparatus, whether it be a tv monitor or a projector. In its early history, photography struggled to establish itself as a legitimate art form. The statement that the principle of specificity refers to the concept that improvements in the various fitness areas require specific kinds of activity is true. Sensitivity and specificity of parallel or serial serological.
Sep 22, 2015 samples from 98 cases and 1,327 noncases were included. Satiation as repetition of an aspect people often attribute satiation to the body exceeding a physiological limit e. Sensitivity and specificity are common clinimetric parameters that together define the ability of a measure to detect the presence or absence of a specific condition i. Medium specificity in film bibliography philpapers.
Every time i go to express this concept in writing, i struggle over which preposition is the more appropriate and more precise. But as a medium with its own properties, it plays an important role in the history of media institutions and aesthetics. Competitive sports require athletes to command an arsenal of options for executing skills so that they can make splitsecond adjustments in a variety of competitive situations. In art theory, the artistic media have been in the center of the discussion between clement greenberg and rosalind krauss, and functional to the definition of.
The specificity principle and sport skill learning. Aug 20, 2017 what does the principle of specificity actually mean. Subjects are screened using fasting plasma glucose with a low blood sugar cutpoint subjects are screened using fasting plasma glucose with a low blood sugar cutpoint. Sensitivity and specificity an overview sciencedirect topics.
Eric ej333646 the specificity of media in the arts. Yerushalmys pioneering work 1 on observer variability in the interpretation of chest roentgenograms initiated a stillexpanding interest in the evaluation of the diagnostic process. Peirces concept of indexicality, which has permeated film theory. The paraindexicality of the cinematic image openedition journals.
According to clement greenberg, who helped popularize the term, medium specificity holds that the unique and proper area of competence for. The mediumspecificity thesis that says each art form has its own domain of expression and exploration is discussed. Specificity and positive predictive value are equal d. The concept of indexicality, or the indexical state of signification, was suggested by charles sanders peirce in his taxonomy of signs as objects of created or interpreted meaning. Pdf an evaluation of the specificity, validity and. The first reason for low specificity was the separate categorisation of the mammographic and ultrasound images, which inevitably led. Understand reasons for differences in diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, it is useful to gain a general understanding of how sensitivity and specificity translate into likelihood ratios.
Today, the term is used both to describe artistic practices and as a way to analyze artwork. Positive and negative predictive values are equal c. In response to mary ann doanes the indexical yumpu. Statistical specificity it is not enough, in other words, to think of index term specificity solely in setting up an index vocabulary, as having to do with accuracy of concept representation. Mcluhans famous refrain that fetishized medium specificity for the fiftiesthe medium is the message.
Individually, both tests presented sensitivity of 91. By the end of the 1990s, medium specifi city had regained considerable force within the emerging discourse on digital media yet was still frequently accompanied by some form of defensiveness. This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution. Jan 01, 2008 in this issue of the journal of physiology, the results of study by burgomaster et al. Sensitivity and negative predictive value are equal e. Fitness professionals and coaches who understand the demands placed on the body during performance realize how important training specificity is for their athletes. Discover the best sensitivity and specificity books and audiobooks. Understanding sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Specificity was lower in the intervention group than in the control group.
Introduction two indices are used to evaluate the accuracy of a test that predicts dichotomous outcomes e. Doane indexicality and the concept of medium specificity free download as pdf file. Intruduction diagnosis tests include different kinds of information, such as medical tests e. The terms sensitivity and specificity were introduced by the american biostatistician jacob yerushalmy in 1947. Medium specificity and productive precursors defi ning the formal specifi city of televisionits unique combination of segmentation and endless fl ow. The next section will discuss how satiation depends on how much episodes seem to repeat each other. Likelihood ratios may be more useful clinically, but sensitivity and specificity are more widely reported. We will use the date in table 1 to see that there is a trade. It is that which appropriates the techniques, forms, and social significance of other media and attempts to rival or refashion them in the name of the real. Doane indexicality and the concept of medium specificity shroud. In addition to sensitivity and specificity, the accuracy is also determined by how common the disease in the selected population. Basic principles of strength training and conditioning w. The values of sensitivity and specificity are agnostic to the percent of positive cases in the population of interest as opposed to, for example, precision.
By releasing art from the specificity of the medium, krauss argues, broodthaers effectively equated it to its pure exchange value. Does an object have specificity to or specificity for. As early as 1776 gotthold ephraim lessing contends that an artwork, in order to be successful, needs to adhere to the specific stylistic properties of its own medium. Seen in this context, the manual construction of images in digital. Get unlimited access to the best stories on medium and support writers while youre at it.
We should think of specificity as a function of term use. Read sensitivity and specificity books like tmpd503. Compared to force plates, photoelectric cell systems present a similar level of validity and they provide excellent testretest reliability for the estimation of the jump height glatthorn et al. A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its. Cissik, ms, cscs hether you are a recreational weight trainer, a weekend athlete, or a strength coach working with elite athletes, it is important to be principled when designing strength and conditioning programs. The ideal test should correctly identify all tested people with or without disease with 100% of accuracy, which is practically impossible. Medium specificity video film, children, tv, director. The indexical and the concept of medium specificity, mary anne doane notes. Under the principle of specificity, the demanding state can prosecute the extraditee only for the offense for which the extradition was granted and may not extradite the detainee to a third country for offenses committed before the initial extradition.
Sensitivity and specificity using the roc curve to. Artistic medium is an art critical concept that first arose in 18th century european discourse about art. We will calculate sensitivity and specificity for different cut points for hypothyroidism. Each section opens with a short essay laying out the specific dialectic and weaving. How the specificity principle applies to sports training. Learn why it should be considered one of the most important principles to remember when creating a training program. Within art history, the concepts of medium and medium specificity have been yoked to a notion of greenbergian formalism wherein every authentic work of art is caught in a selfreflexive spiral, referring only to itself and its own conditions of existence in painting, for example, flatness. This paper, via tom gunnings work on digital media and the claim to. The concept of mediumspecificity has had a profound impact on photography. Medium specificity suggests that a work of art can be said to be successful if it fulfills the promise contained in the medium used to bring the artwork into existence. Learn how to calculate basic accuracy statistics such as sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and auc 2. It should be interpreted as a statistical rather than semantic property of index terms. Medium analysis has, historically, attempted to identify that out of which works of art and, more generally, art forms are created, in order to better articulate norms or standards by which works of art and art forms can be evaluated. Analogue nostalgia and the aesthetics of digital remediation.
Learn from sensitivity and specificity experts like frontiers and international journal for scientific research and development ijsrd. What medium can mean jacques ranciere translated by steven corcoran1 i will present some remarks here on the use of the notion of medium in art theory and the light cast on this notion by the case of photography. Sensitivity and specificity an overview sciencedirect. It is no longer an indexical media technology but, rather, a sub. A rejoinder to noel carrolls the philosophy of motion. Diagnostic test and the gold standard diagnostic tests are all the tests that physician can use in the process of making the diagnosis of a particular disease.
Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value springerlink. Today, it could be argued, it is the indexicality associated with the analogical. Medium specificity with the introduction of digital film and video, dvds, the internet, and multimedia, video may become, retrospectively, an intermediary stage between cinema and digital media. What does the principle of specificity actually mean. Does an object possess specificity to or for another object. A journal of feminist cultural studies on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
The specificity principle simply states that training must go from highly general training to. A medium in our culture can never operate in isolation. Theorists devised a justification for the art of photography that positioned it against its competitor, painting. Understand the difference between tests conducted under ideal conditions vs real conditions 4.
In africa, serological testing for hiv infection is both expensive and difficult to obtain and so a study sought to assess the value of regional lymph node enlargement, by site. The principle of specificity also implies that to become better at a particular exercise or skill, you must perform that exercise or skill. The specificity of media in the arts noel carroll i the ideawhich i shall call the medium specificity thesisthat each art form, in virtue of its medium, has its own exclusive domain of development was born in the eighteenth century, almost at the same time that the distinctions between the aesthetic and the nonaesthetic and between the. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
The following is taken from a paper on the detection of hiv. Sensitivity and specificity of parallel or serial serological testing for detection of canine leishmania infection. When tests were used in parallel combination, sensitivity attained 99. The specificity of media in the arts noel carroll i the ideawhich i shall call the mediumspecificity thesisthat each art form, in virtue of its medium, has its own exclusive domain of development was born in the eighteenth century, almost at the same time that the distinctions between the aesthetic and the nonaesthetic and between the. Sensitivity also called the true positive rate, the recall, or probability of detection in some fields measures the proportion of actual positives that are correctly identified as such e. In this issue of the journal of physiology, the results of study by burgomaster et al. Sensitivity and specificity of mammography and adjunctive. The notion of medium is in fact much more complex than it appears at first.
The first reason for low specificity was the separate categorisation of the mammographic and ultrasound images, which inevitably led to an increased recall rate and reduced specificity. Adopting this idea from turnofthecentury modernism. The medium specificity thesis that says each art form has its own domain of expression and exploration is discussed. Jun 19, 2017 likelihood ratios may be more useful clinically, but sensitivity and specificity are more widely reported. Peirces concept of index is well defined by esteemed semiotician, daniel chandler, as being. He introduced the terms sensitivity and specificity as measures of the validity of diagnostic tests, and an entire methodology including the concept of predictive value has developed in response to the. The indexical and the concept of medium specificity. When applying the idea of mediumspecificity, the properties of the. The oed defines medium, in terms of the arts, as any raw material or mode of expression used in an artistic or creative activity.
He introduced the terms sensitivity and specificity as measures of the validity of diagnostic tests, and an entire methodology including the concept of predictive value has developed in response to the geometric growth in and reliance on diagnostic testing in clinical practice. Although both testrelated sensitivity and specificity must always be considered, these items often trade off with each other. The postmedium condition by alexandra zimnicaru on prezi. May 01, 2007 the indexical and the concept of medium specificity. Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as a classification function, that are widely used in medicine. Specificity is the principle of training that states that sports training should be relevant and appropriate to the sport for which the individual is training in order to produce a training effect. Mediumspecificity is based on the distinct materiality of artistic media. This thesis has significance for educational policy, e. Sitespecificity unbound considering participatory mobility 1998 debating the specificity of television, onand offscreen about differences.
Overall accuracy is calculated by the formula 90100. In linking these two words to form the phrase mediumspecificity, a composite definition can be made. Read the indexical and the concept of medium specificity, differences. Animals which tested positive in at least one of the tests above were. Basic principles of strength training and conditioning john m. Traditionally, to help understanding sensitivity, specificity and predictive values, the best method for explanation is based on 2 u 2 contingency table. Journal of aesthetic education, v19 n4 p520 win 1985. The project of this issue is to reexamine the very concept of indexicality and its role in mass culture and modernity, to interrogate the desire for referentiality associated with technological media, and to analyze the notion of a medium and its usefulness within a range of disciplines. The indexical and the concept of medium specificity mary ann doane. The ability of the test to identify correctly those who. They describe how well a test discriminates between cases with and without a certain condition. The principle of specificity refers to the concept that. Much debate can remain as to what a given medium best lends itself to.
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